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LONNIE WEN, B.S.PHARM., PH.D., is Clinical Education Consultant, Pfizer Inc., San Antonio, TX; at the time of writing she was a fellow at VERDICT, South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS), San Antonio. ROBERT BADGETT, M.D., is Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA), and Investigator, VERDICT STVHCS. JOHN CORNELL, PH.D., is Associate Professor and Biostatistician, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers/VERDICT, STVHCS, Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UTHSCSA.

Address correspondence to Dr. Wen at Pfizer, Inc., 17827 Salado Draw, San Antonio, TX 78258 (k.wen{at}pfizer.com).

Purpose. The utility and limitations of the number needed to treat (NNT) are described and compared with those of alternative descriptors of therapeutic yield. Summary. Pharmacists, physicians, and patients are more likely to launch interventions based on relative measures of therapeutic yield. The NNT is a simple way to express the absolute therapeutic yield of an intervention. It is essential to take baseline risk and length of follow-up into account when calculating and interpreting absolute or relative measures of therapeutic yield. Patients may have difficulty understanding what the NNT tells them about the benefits and harms associated with an intervention, and confidence intervals for the NNT can be difficult to interpret. Relative measures of benefits are advantageous for comparing benefits across populations with different risks. The use of absolute measures to describe therapeutic options leads to more conservative decision-making and is potentially more useful. Among the absolute measures, the absolute risk reduction may be easier to understand than the NNT. These measures are most helpful when the best options are not clear or when patient input is needed. Personal digital assistants and Web-based tools can assist with calculations. Conclusion. The NNT is a useful measure but is influenced by numerous variables and may not be easily understood by patients. Index terms: Calculations; Computers; Decision-making; Methodology; Technology; Toxicity