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GRANT M. BRAY, PHARM.D., BCPS, is Pharmacy Clinical Coordinator, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO.

Address correspondence to Mary Ellen Bonk, Pharm.D., University HealthSystem Consortium, 2001 Spring Road, Suite 700, Oak Brook, IL 60523-1890 (bonk{at}uhc.edu).

Purpose. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of exenatide are discussed. Summary. Exenatide, derived from a compound found in the saliva of the Gila monster, is an incretin mimetic agent that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and has several other antihyperglycemic actions. The drug is indicated as adjunctive therapy to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking metformin, a sulfonylurea, or both but who have not achieved adequate glycemic control. Peak plasma concentration following subcutaneous administration of exenatide is attained in 2.1 hours. The mean apparent volume of distribution after administration of a single subcutaneous dose is 28.3 L. The terminal half-life of the drug is 2.4 hours. Based on animal studies, the bioavailability of exenatide after subcutaneous injection has been estimated to be between 65% and 75%. The drug is predominantly eliminated by glomerular filtration followed by proteolytic degradation. Clinical trials have shown that exenatide given subcutaneously twice daily significantly reduced glycosylated hemoglobin values when maximum doses of a sulfonylurea, metformin, or both were ineffective. The most common adverse effects are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jitteriness, dizziness, headache, and dyspepsia. Drug–drug interactions with digoxin, lovastatin, lisinopril, and acetaminophen have been documented. The recommended starting dosage is 5 µg subcutaneously twice daily within one hour before the morning and evening meals. Conclusion. Exenatide offers a novel treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are refractory to metformin or sulfonylurea therapy or both. Index terms: Acetaminophen; Administration; Analgesics and antipyretics; Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; Antidiabetic agents; Blood levels; Cardiac drugs; Combined therapy; Diabetes mellitus; Digoxin; Dosage; Drug interactions; Drugs, availability; Drugs, body distribution; Excretion; Exenatide; Half-life; Injections; Lisinopril; Lovastatin; Mechanism of action; Metabolism; Metformin; Pharmacokinetics; Toxicity

 

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