HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Morello, C. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Morello, C. M.

CANDIS M. MORELLO, PHARM D., CDE, FCSHP, is Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (cmmorello{at}ucsd.edu).

Purpose. The morbidity and mortality from and economic impact of diabetes mellitus in the United States, pathogenesis of microvascular diabetic complications, contribution of poor long-term glycemic control to risk for diabetic retinopathy and other microvascular complications, prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, methods for measuring visual acuity, and manifestations of disease progression and etiology of blindness in patients with diabetic retinopathy are discussed. Summary. Diabetic retinopathy and other microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes cause considerable morbidity and mortality and have a large economic impact in the United States. Patients with poor long-term glycemic control are more vulnerable to diabetic retinopathy than to other microvascular complications of diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is the third leading cause of all cases of blindness in the United States and the leading cause of new cases in adults. Retinopathy is already present at the time of diagnosis in 20% of patients with type 2 diabetes. Retinopathy and other micro-vascular complications are attributed to chronic hyperglycemia, vascular damage and leakage, edema, capillary basement membrane thickening, neovascularization, hemorrhage, and ischemia. Measurements of visual acuity loss are expressed in terms of the distance at which a person with normal vision can see what the test subject can see from 20 feet away. Diabetic retinopathy begins as nonproliferative abnormalities and progresses to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Macular edema can develop at any time in the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Macular ischemia, retinal and vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment are the primary causes of blindness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion. Diabetic retinopathy is a costly and progressive condition associated with chronic hyperglycemia. It is potentially vision-threatening. Index terms: Diabetic retinopathy; Economics; Epidemiology; Mortality

 

This article has been cited by other articles:

				T Kangas-Kontio, S Vavuli, S J Kakko, J Penna, E-R Savolainen, M J Savolainen, and M J. Liinamaa Polymorphism of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene but not of vascular endothelial growth factor gene is a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy Br J Ophthalmol, October 1, 2009; 93(10): 1401 - 1406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]