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BOB L. LOBO, PHARM.D., BCPS, is Assistant Director, Clinical Pharmacy, Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, and Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis.

Address correspondence to Dr. Lobo at Methodist University Hospital, 1265 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104 (lobob{at}methodisthealth.org).

Purpose. The current indications, dosing, and practical considerations for use of newer anticoagulants in patients with various degrees of renal impairment who do not require dialysis are reviewed. Summary. Kidney function should generally be evaluated in all patients commencing anticoagulant therapy. As in the general population, hospitalized patients with impaired renal function most often have impairment that is mild to moderate in severity. Drug dosing in patients with chronic kidney disease may require that adjustment be made to the usual loading or maintenance dose of a drug. Newer anticoagulants with labeling approved by the Food and Drug Administration for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, treatment, or both include the low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and the factor Xa inhibitor fondaparinux. Some LMWHs are also indicated for the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). All of the newer anticoagulants currently available for the management of VTE and ACS have approved labeling for use in patients with mild-to-moderate renal impairment. Currently available LMWHs, factor Xa inhibitors, and direct thrombin inhibitors (excluding argatroban) are eliminated primarily by the kidneys, so dosing in patients with severe renal impairment may require cautious dosage reduction or increased monitoring for bleeding and thromboembolic complications or both. Unfractionated heparin is the preferred anticoagulant for use in most of these patients. Conclusion. Newer anticoagulants should be used with caution in patients with mild-to-moderate renal impairment. Unfractionated heparin remains the preferred anticoagulant in most patients with severe renal impairment even though its use is associated with increased bleeding in this population. Dosing of newer anticoagulants, except argatroban, requires cautious dosage reduction and increased monitoring for complications. Index terms: Anticoagulants; Argatroban; Dosage; Excretion; Fondaparinux; Heparin; Heparins; Kidney failure; Thromboembolism; Toxicity